The 4 Major Personality Perspectives and Theories

The 4 Major Personality Perspectives and Theories Theories Personality Psychology Print The 4 Major Personality Perspectives By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 26, 2019 More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Psychoanalytic Perspective Humanistic Perspective Trait Perspective Social Cognitive Perspective View All Back To Top The study of personality is one of the major topics of interest in psychology. Numerous personality theories exist and most of the major ones fall into one of four major perspectives. Each of these perspectives on personality attempts to describe different patterns in personality, including how these patterns form and how people differ on an individual level. Learn more about the four major perspectives of personality, the theorist associated with each theory and the core ideas that are central to each perspective.  Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell Psychoanalytic Perspective The psychoanalytic perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This perspective on personality was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association, and slips of the tongue.?? Neo-Freudian theorists, including Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney, believed in the importance of the unconscious but disagreed with other aspects of Freuds theories. Major Theorists and Theories Sigmund Freud: Stressed the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality.Erik Erikson: Emphasized the social elements of personality development, the identity crisis and how personality is shaped over the course of the entire lifespan.??Carl Jung: Focused on concepts such as the collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types.Alfred Adler: Believed the core motive behind personality involves striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realization. This desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler believed were universal.Karen Horney: Focused on the need to overcome basic anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the world. She emphasized the societal and cultural factors that also play a role in personality, including the importance of the parent-child relationship. Humanistic Perspective The humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness. It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential.?? Major Theorists Carl Rogers: Believed in the inherent goodness of people and emphasized the importance of a free will and psychological growth. He suggested that the actualizing tendency is the driving force behind human behavior.Abraham Maslow: Suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs.?? The most basic needs are centered on things necessary for life such as food and water, but as people move up the hierarchy these needs become centered on things such as esteem and self-actualization. Trait Perspective The trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality.?? By understanding these traits, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals. Major Theorists Hans Eysenck: Suggested that there are three dimensions of personality: 1) extraversion-introversion, 2) emotional stability-neuroticism and 3) psychoticism.Raymond Cattell: Identified 16 personality traits that he believed could be utilized to understand and measure individual differences in personality.Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: Introduced the big five theory, which identifies five key dimensions of personality: 1) extraversion, 2) neuroticism, 3) openness to experience, 4) conscientiousness and 5) agreeableness.?? Social Cognitive Perspective The social cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes. Major Theorists Albert Bandura: Emphasized the importance of social learning, or learning through observation. His theory emphasized the role of conscious thoughts including self-efficacy, or our own beliefs in our abilities.??

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Ethical Dilemma Case Study - 1062 Words

Ethical Principles: Allison’s Ethical Decisions Ayesha Youngblood Towson University Ethical Principles: Allison’s Ethical Decisions Introduction In the professional workplace, one’s personal values and beliefs, may interfere with the social workers ability to serve their client efficiently. In this case study, Allison is a white, 28-year-old counselor to 19-year-old Carmen who is Latina. Carmen was born in Puerto Rico, and moved to the United States when she was 10. Allison has been helping Carmen with potential job opportunities, once she obtains her associates degree from her community college. When Allison presents her ideas with Carmen, Carmen says they all sound nice but she needs to follow up with her papi.†¦show more content†¦Allison failed to be mindful of the relationships that were important to her client. Carmen stresses that the relationship with her family, and father are important and Allison should be working and encouraging their family bond. When viewing the Ethical Principles in the Code of Ethics, Allison failed to apply the value of dignity and worth of the person, and the value of importa nce of human relationships, when helping her client Carmen. There are different personal values presented by both Allison and Carmen in this case study. Allison’s personal values are those presented such as independence of women, and independence of family. Allison presents to Carmen that she believes in women being independent, and not needing to depend on men to support them. She also shows that she believes in independence from parents and family. Carmen’s personal values are those presented such as, the importance of family, and parental decision making. Carmen shows that she believes it is important to involve her parents in the decisions that she makes. She also shows that her father’s opinion is very important to her. Carmen, being from a Puerto Rican background had these values because of what was instilled in her from her cultural background. According to Dolgoff, Harrington, and Loewenberg (2012), Weick suggests that it is important in the professional field to listen to clients, and not allow ones own beliefs a nd values to show judgment towards theShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemma Case Study1333 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment â€Æ' Contents Answer 1 Ethical Dilemma of the organization: 2 Answer 2 Four Steps of Ethical analysis 3 Step 1 Understanding the situation: 3 Step 2 Isolate the major ethical Dilemma: 3 Step 3 Ethical Analysis 3 a) Consequentialism: 3 b) Rights and duties 4 c) Kant’s categorical Imperative 4 d) Discussion 4 Step 4 Making a decision: 4 Conclusion 5 References 5 â€Æ' Answer 1 Ethical Dilemma of the organization: In the given case study, the ethical dilemma exists with the working structureRead MoreEthical Dilemma Case Study842 Words   |  4 PagesAn ethical dilemma is a situation by which its difficult to determine whether a situation is can be handled without disappointing both sides. 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The Secret Circle The Initiation Chapter Three Free Essays

string(69) " about to deliver bad news and having a hard time finding the words\." An instant later Cassie came out of her daze. She’d better get moving; Logan and Jordan might be coming back any second. And if they realized she’d deliberately lied to them†¦ Cassie winced as she scrambled up the sloping dune. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Initiation Chapter Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now The world around her seemed ordinary again, no longer full of magic and mystery. It was as if she’d been moving in a dream, and now she’d woken up. What had she been thinking? Some nonsense about silver cords and destiny and a guy who wasn’t like any other guy. But that was all ridiculous. The stone in her hand was just a stone. And words were just words. Even that boy†¦ Of course there was no way he could have heard her thoughts. No one could do that; there had to be a rational explanation†¦ She tightened her grip on the little piece of rock in her palm. Her hand was still tingling where he’d held it, and the skin he’d touched with his fingertips felt different from any other part of her body. She thought that no matter what happened to her in the future, she would always feel his touch. Once inside the summer cottage she and her mother rented, she locked the front door behind her. Then she paused. She could hear her mother’s voice from the kitchen, and from the sound of it she could tell something was wrong. Mrs. Blake was on the phone, her back to the doorway, her head slightly bowed as she clutched the receiver to her ear. As always, Cassie was struck by the willow slimness of her mother’s figure. With that and the fall of long, dark hair worn simply clasped at the back of her neck, Mrs. Blake could have been a teenager herself. It made Cassie feel protective toward her. In fact, sometimes she almost felt as if she were the mother and her mother the child. And just now it made her decide not to interrupt her mother’s conversation. Mrs. Blake was upset, and at intervals she said â€Å"Yes† or â€Å"I know† into the mouthpiece in a voice full of strain. Cassie turned and went to her bedroom. She wandered over to the window and looked out, wondering vaguely what was going on with her mother. But she couldn’t keep her mind on anything but the boy on the beach. Even if Portia knew his name, she would never tell, Cassie was sure of that. But without his name, how would Cassie ever find him again? She wouldn’t. That was the brutal truth, and she might as well face it right now. Even if she did find out his name, she wasn’t the sort to chase after a boy. She wouldn’t know how. â€Å"And in one week I’m going home,† she whispered. For the first time these words didn’t bring a surge of comfort and hope. She put the rough little piece of chalcedony down on the night-stand, with a sort of final clink. â€Å"Cassie? Did you say something?† Cassie turned quickly to see her mother in the doorway. â€Å"Mom! I didn’t know you were off the phone.† When her mother continued to look at her inquiringly, she added, â€Å"I was just thinking out loud. I was saying that we’ll be going home next week.† An odd expression crossed her mother’s face, like a flash of repressed pain. Her large black eyes had dark circles under them and wandered nervously around the room. â€Å"Mom, what’s wrong?† said Cassie. â€Å"I was just talking with your grandmother. You remember how I was planning for us to drive up and see her sometime next week?† Cassie remembered very well. She’d told Portia she and her mother were going to drive up the coast, and Portia had snapped that it wasn’t called the coast here. From Boston down to the Cape it was the south shore, and from Boston up to New Hampshire it was the north shore, and if you were going to Maine it was down east, and anyway, where did her grandmother live? And Cassie hadn’t been able to answer because her mother had never told her the name of the town. â€Å"Yes,† she said. â€Å"I remember.† â€Å"I just got off the phone with her. She’s old, Cassie, and she’s not doing very well. It’s worse than I realized.† â€Å"Oh, Mom. I’m sorry.† Cassie had never met her grandmother, never even seen a picture of her, but she still felt awful. Her mother and grandmother had been estranged for years, since Cassie had been born. It was something about her mother leaving home, but that was all her mother would ever say about it. In the past few years, though, there had been some letters exchanged, and Cassie thought that underneath they still loved each other. She hoped they did, anyway, and she’d been looking forward to seeing her grandmother for the first time. â€Å"I’m really sorry, Mom,† she said now. â€Å"Is she going to be okay?† â€Å"I don’t know. She’s all by herself in that big house and she’s lonely†¦ and now with this phlebitis it’s hard for her to get around some days.† The sunshine fell in strips of light and shadow across her mother’s face. She spoke quietly but almost stiltedly, as if she were holding some strong emotion back with difficulty. â€Å"Cassie, your grandmother and I have had our problems, but we’re still family, and she hasn’t got anyone else. It’s time we buried our differences.† Her mother had never spoken so freely about the estrangement before. â€Å"What was it all about, Mom?† â€Å"It doesn’t matter now. She wanted me to – follow a path I didn’t want to follow. She thought she was doing the right thing†¦ and now she’s all alone and she needs help.† Dismay whispered through Cassie. Concern for the grandmother she’d never met – and something else. A trickle of alarm started by the look on her mother’s face, which was that of someone about to deliver bad news and having a hard time finding the words. You read "The Secret Circle: The Initiation Chapter Three" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Cassie, I’ve thought a lot about this, and there’s only one thing for us to do. And I’m sorry, because it will mean such a disruption of your life, and it will be so hard on you†¦ but you’re young. You’ll adapt. I know you will.† A twinge of panic shot through Cassie. â€Å"Mom, it’s all right,† she said quickly. â€Å"You stay here and do what you need to. I can get ready for school by myself. It’ll be easy; Beth and Mrs. Freeman will help me – † Cassie’s mother was shaking her head, and suddenly Cassie felt she had to go on, to cover everything in a rush of words. â€Å"I don’t need that many new school clothes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Cassie, I’m so sorry. I need you to try and understand, sweetheart, and to be adult about this. I know you’ll miss your friends. But we’ve both got to try to make the best of things.† Her mother’s eyes were fixed on the window, as if she couldn’t bear to look at Cassie. Cassie went very still. â€Å"Mom, what are you trying to say?† â€Å"I’m saying we’re not going home, or at least not back to Reseda. We’re going to my home, to move in with your grandmother. She needs us. We’re going to stay here.† Cassie felt nothing but a dazed numbness. She could only say stupidly, as if this were what mattered, â€Å"Where’s ‘here’? Where does Grandma live?† For the first time her mother turned from the window. Her eyes seemed bigger and darker than Cassie had ever seen them before. â€Å"New Salem,† she said quietly. â€Å"The town is called New Salem.† Hours later, Cassie was still sitting by the window, staring blankly. Her mind was running in helpless, useless circles. To stay here†¦ to stay in New England†¦ An electric shock ran through her. Him. I knew we’d see him again, something inside her proclaimed, and it was glad. But it was only one voice and there were many others, all speaking at once. To stay. Not going home. And what difference does it make if the guy is here in Massachusetts somewhere? You don’t know his name or where he lives. You’ll never find him again. But there’s a chance, she thought desperately. And the voice deepest inside, the one that had been glad before, whispered: More than a chance. It’s your fate. Fate! the other voices scoffed. Don’t be ridiculous! It’s your fate to spend your junior year in New England, that’s all. Where you don’t know anyone. Where you’ll be alone. Alone, alone, alone, all the other voices agreed. The deep voice was crushed and disappeared. Cassie felt any hope of seeing the red-haired boy again slip away from her. What she was left with was despair. I won’t even get to say good-bye to my friends at home, she thought. She’d begged her mother for the chance to go back, just to say good-bye. But Mrs. Blake had said there was no money and no time. Their airline tickets would be cashed in. All their things would be shipped to Cassie’s grandmother’s house by a friend of her mother’s. â€Å"If you went back,† her mother had said gently, â€Å"you’d only feel worse about leaving again. This way at least it will be a clean break. And you can see your friends next summer.† Next summer? Next summer was a hundred years away. Cassie thought of her friends: good-natured Beth and quiet Clover, and Miriam the class wit. Add to that shy and dreamy Cassie and you had their group. So maybe they weren’t the in-crowd, but they had fun and they’d stuck together since elementary school. How would she get along without them until next summer? But her mother’s voice had been so soft and distracted, and her eyes had wandered around the room in such a vague, preoccupied way, that Cassie hadn’t had the heart to rant and rave the way she would have liked. In fact, for an instant Cassie had wanted to go to her mother and throw her arms around her and tell her everything would be all right. But she couldn’t. The small, hot coal of resentment burning in her chest wouldn’t let her. However worried her mother might be, she didn’t have to face the prospect of going to a strange new school in a state three thousand miles from where she belonged. Cassie did. New hallways, new lockers, new classrooms, new desks, she thought. New faces instead of the friends she’d known since junior high. Oh, it couldn’t be true. Cassie hadn’t screamed at her mother this afternoon, and she hadn’t hugged her, either. She had just silently turned away to the window, and this was where she’d been sitting ever since, while the light slowly faded and the sky turned first salmon pink and then violet and then black. It was a long time before she went to bed. And it was only then that she realized she’d forgotten all about the chalcedony lucky piece. She reached out and took it from the nightstand and slipped it under her pillow. Portia stopped by as Cassie and her mother were loading the rental car. â€Å"Going home?† she said. Cassie gave her tote bag a final push to squeeze it into the trunk. She had just realized she didn’t want Portia to find out she was staying in New England. She couldn’t stand to have Portia know of her unhappiness; it would give Portia a kind of triumph over her. When she looked up, she had her best attempt at a pleasant smile in place. â€Å"Yes,† she said, and flicked a quick glance over to where her mother was leaning in the driver’s-side door, arranging things in the backseat. â€Å"I thought you were staying until the end of next week.† â€Å"We changed our minds.† She looked into Portia’s hazel eyes and was startled by the coldness there. â€Å"Not that I didn’t have a good time. It’s been fun,† Cassie added, hastily and foolishly. Portia shook straw-colored hair off her forehead. â€Å"Maybe you’d better stay out west from now on,† she said. â€Å"Around here, we don’t like liars.† Cassie opened her mouth and then shut it again, cheeks flaming. So they did know about her deception on the beach. This was the time for one of those devastatingly witty remarks that she thought of at night to say to Portia – and, of course, she couldn’t summon up a word. She pressed her lips together. â€Å"Have a nice trip,† Portia concluded, and with one last cold glance, she turned away. â€Å"Portia!† Cassie’s stomach was in a knot of tension, embarrassment, and anger, but she couldn’t let this chance go. â€Å"Before I leave, will you just tell me one thing?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"It can’t make any difference now – and I just wanted to know†¦ I just wondered†¦ if you knew his name.† â€Å"Whose name?† Cassie felt a new wave of blood in her cheeks, but she went on doggedly. â€Å"His name. The red-haired guy. The one on the beach.† Those hazel eyes didn’t waver. They went on staring straight into Cassie’s, the pupils contracted to mean little dots. Looking into those eyes, Cassie knew there was no hope. She was right. â€Å"What red-haired guy on the beach?† Portia said distinctly and levelly, and then she turned on her heel again and left. This time Cassie let her go. Green. That’s what Cassie noticed on the drive north from the Cape. There was a forest growing on either side of the highway. In California you had to go to a national park to see trees this tall†¦ â€Å"Those are sugar maples,† her mother said with forced cheerfulness as Cassie turned her head slightly to follow a stand of particularly graceful trees. â€Å"And those shorter ones are red maple. They’ll turn red in the fall – a beautiful glowing, sunset red. Just wait until you see them.† Cassie didn’t answer. She didn’t want to see the trees in the fall because she didn’t want to be here. They passed through Boston and drove up the coast – up the north shore, Cassie corrected herself fiercely – and Cassie watched quaint little towns and wharves and rocky beaches slip by. She suspected they were taking the scenic route, and she felt resentment boil up in her chest. Why couldn’t they just get there and get it over with? â€Å"Isn’t there a faster way?† she said, opening the glove compartment and pulling out a map supplied by the car rental company. â€Å"Why don’t we take Route 1? Or Interstate 95?† Her mother kept her eyes on the road. â€Å"It’s been a long time since I drove up here, Cassie. This is the way I know.† â€Å"But if you cut over here at Salem†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cassie watched the exit go by. â€Å"Okay, don’t,† she said. Of all places in Massachusetts, Salem was the only one she could think of that she wanted to see. Its macabre history appealed to her mood right now. â€Å"That’s where they burned the witches, isn’t it?† she said. â€Å"Is New Salem named for it? Did they burn witches there, too?† â€Å"They didn’t burn anyone; they hanged them. And they weren’t witches. Just innocent people who happened to be disliked by their neighbors.† Her mother’s voice was tired and patient. â€Å"And Salem was a common name in colonial times; it comes from ‘Jerusalem.’ â€Å" The map was blurring before Cassie’s eyes. â€Å"Where is this town, anyway? It’s not even listed,† she said. There was a brief silence before her mother replied. â€Å"It’s a small town; quite often it’s not shown on maps. But as a matter of fact, it’s on an island.† â€Å"An island?† â€Å"Don’t worry. There’s a bridge to the mainland.† But all Cassie could think was, An island. I’m going to live on an island. In a town that isn’t even on the map. The road was unmarked. Mrs. Blake turned down it and the car crossed the bridge, and then they were on the island. Cassie had expected it to be tiny, and her spirits lifted a little when she saw that it wasn’t. There were regular stores, not just tourist shops, clustered together in what must be the center of town. There was a Dunkin’ Donuts and an International House of Pancakes with a banner proclaiming grand opening. In front of it there was someone dressed up like a giant pancake, dancing. Cassie felt the knot in her stomach loosen. Any town with a dancing pancake couldn’t be all bad, could it? But then her mother turned onto another road that rose and got lonelier and lonelier as the town fell behind. They must be going to the ultimate point of the headland, Cassie realized. She could see it, the sun glinting red off the windows on a group of houses at the top of a bluff. She watched them get closer, at first uneasily, then anxiously, and finally with sick dismay. Because they were old. Terrifyingly old, not just quaint or gracefully aged, but ancient. And although some were in good repair, others looked as if they might fall over in a crash of splintering timbers any minute. Please let it be that one, Cassie thought, fixing her eyes on a pretty yellow house with several towers and bay windows. But her mother drove by it without slowing. And by the next and the next. And then there was only one house left, the last house on the bluff, and the car was heading toward it. Heartsick, Cassie stared at it as they approached. It was shaped like a thick upside-down T, with one wing facing the road and one wing sticking straight out the back. As they came around the side Cassie could see that the back wing looked nothing like the front. It had a steeply sloping roof and small, irregularly placed windows made of tiny, diamond-shaped panes of glass. It wasn’t even painted, just covered with weathered gray clapboard siding. The front wing had been painted†¦ once. Now what was left was peeling off in strips. The two chimneys looked crumbling and unstable, and the entire slate roof seemed to sag. The windows were regularly placed across the front, but most looked as if they hadn’t been washed in ages. Cassie stared wordlessly. She had never seen a more depressing house in her life. This couldn’t be the one. â€Å"Well,† said her mother, in that tone of forced cheerfulness, as she turned into a gravel driveway, â€Å"this is it, the house I grew up in. We’re home.† Cassie couldn’t speak. The bubble of horror and fury and resentment inside her was swelling bigger and bigger until she thought it would explode. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Initiation Chapter Three, Essay examples

Multiplexing free essay sample

Multiplexing is the process of combining many signals, usually from slow devices, onto one very fast communications link. This sharing is achieved by a device called a Multiplexor (MUX) that organises the signals that are sent and by a corresponding device, a Demultiplexor (DEMUX), at the other end separating the signals again. ]]Next:  The Multiplexing Solution The Multiplexing Solution When multiplexing is successfully implemented it is transparent to the end users. As far as they are concerned they are directly connected to the receiving system and are not sharing the channel with anyone else. A multiplexor is specialist communication hardware that combines many signals to permit use of a single communications link. The bandwidth of a multiplexor depends on the number of users using the link. Another term used to describe multiplexor is concentrator. In order to allow users access to a single link a system must be set up to ensure that all users are given equal access. We will write a custom essay sample on Multiplexing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This can be achieved by either giving users a time slice of the channel or some of the frequency space. The use of multiplexing has been the backbone of telephone systems around the world. Click on this link to review the wikipedia resource on  multiplexing. Next:  Types of Multiplexing Types of Multiplexing There are two basic forms of multiplexing used: * Time division multiplexing (TDM) * Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) Next:  Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing works by the multiplexor collecting and storing the incoming transmissions from all of the slow lines connected to it and allocating a time slice on the fast link to each in turn. The messages are sent down the high speed link one after the other. Each transmission when received can be separated according to the time slice allocated. Theoretically, the available speed of the fast link should at least be equal to the total of all of the slow speeds coming into the multiplexor so that its maximum capacity is not exceeded. Two ways of implementing TDM are: * Synchronous TDM * Asynchronous TDM Click on this link to review the wikipedia resource on  multiplexing. Next:  Synchronous TDMSynchronous TDM Synchronous TDM works by the muliplexor giving exactly the same amount of time to each device connected to it. This time slice is allocated even if a device has nothing to transmit. This is wasteful in that there will be many times when allocated time slots are not being used. Therefore, the use of Synchronous TDM does not guarantee maximum line usage and efficiency. Synchronous TDM is used in T1 and E1 connections. Next:  Asynchronous TDM Asynchronous TDM Asynchronous TDM is a more flexible method of TDM. With Asynchronous TDM the length of time allocated is not fixed for each device but time is given to devices that have data to transmit. This version of TDM works by tagging each frame with an identification number to note which device it belongs to. This may require more processing by the multiplexor and take longer, however, the time saved by efficient and effective bandwidth utilization makes it worthwhile. Asynchronous TDM allows more devices than there is physical bandwidth for. This type of TDM is used in  Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)  networks. Next:  Frequency Division Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) works by transmitting all of the signals along the same high speed link simultaneously with each signal set at a different frequency. For FDM to work properly frequency overlap must be avoided. Therefore, the link must have sufficient bandwidth to be able to carry the wide range of frequencies required. The demultiplexor at the receiving end works by dividing the signals by tuning into the appropriate frequency. FDM operates in a similar way to radio broadcasting where a number of different stations will broadcast simultaneously but on different frequencies. Listeners can then tune their radio so that it captures the frequency or station they want. FDM gives a total bandwidth greater than the combined bandwidth of the signals to be transmitted. In order to prevent signal overlap there are strips of frequency that separate the signals. These are called guard bands. Click on this link to review a website explaining each of the  types of multiplexing  using diagrams. Next:  Use of FDMUse of FDM A common example of FDM use is Cable television (CATV). This can be achieved with coaxial cable or fibre-optic cable. A multiplexor is used to combine many channels to maximize the use of the available bandwidth and a demultiplexor built into the television or set top box will separate the channel that the viewer wants to watch.

A Guide to Similes vs. Metaphors - Freewrite Store

A Guide to Similes vs. Metaphors - Freewrite Store A picture is worth a thousand words. It’s an old saying that means you can convey a lot of information with a single image.  As a writer, you generally don’t have the benefit of imagery to go along with your words, so instead, you need to find simple and effective ways to paint vivid mental pictures for your readers. Ideally, you want your writing to be richly descriptive without using long-winded explanations. One way to do this is with the use of similes and metaphors. Both are ways of describing something by comparing it to something else, but there’s one subtle difference: A simile is when you say something is like something else. A metaphor is when you say something is something else. The best way to understand each method is to examine some examples. Similes â€Å"All at once he sprang into jerky agitation, like one of those flat wooden figures that are worked by a string.† (from Lord Jim by Joseph Conrad) Remember those toys? Their limbs had joints at the shoulders, elbows, hips and knees. One pull on the string dangling down from their back would cause their arms and legs to fly in all directions. By applying this mental image to a human body, you can clearly picture the action that Joseph Conrad was describing. â€Å"By this time Scarlett was boiling, ready to rear like a horse at the touch of a strange rough hand on its bridle.† (from Gone With The Wind by Margaret Mitchell) Margaret Mitchell could have said â€Å"Scarlett was very angry,† but by comparing her to an easily-startled horse, she has conveyed the explosive nature of the emotion simmering just under the surface, ready to burst out at the slightest provocation. â€Å"The guinea pigs, awake and nibbling, were making a sound like that of a wet cloth rubbed on glass in window-cleaning.† (from Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis) Anyone who has cleaned a window knows the distinctive noise that comes from the friction of a damp cloth on the glass. This quirky simile makes the sentence much more interesting than if Sinclair Lewis had merely said the guinea pigs were squeaking. â€Å"I had no choice but to hobble like an off-balance giraffe on my one flat, one four-inch heel arrangement.† (from The Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger) The use of a giraffe in this simile is perfect because it’s so easy to picture its long, gangly legs, and the way that a baby giraffe struggles to control its limbs when it first gets up after being born. As you can see from these examples, the object that the writer uses as a comparison is something that is easily identifiable to the reader, and that creates a distinct mental image, engaging the reader’s memory and imagination. Metaphors â€Å"Life is a highway.† (from the song by Tom Cochrane)â€Å"Life is a rollercoaster.† (from the song by Ronan Keating) Obviously, life is not actually a highway or a rollercoaster, but both these metaphors convey the fact that life is a long, twisting journey that has highs and lows. Both highways and rollercoasters conjure up images of adventure, excitement, fear, elation, beginnings and destinations. They’re both something that you travel on, and they present you with diverse experiences along the way. For comparison, the movie Forrest Gump contains the famous simile, â€Å"life is like a box of chocolates.† â€Å"Love is a snowmobile racing across the tundra, and then suddenly it flips over, pinning you underneath.† (from Matt Groening, The Big Book of Hell) While comparing love to a snowmobile crash might seem an unusual metaphor, it’s an effective one. It’s suggesting the rush and the exhilaration as you speed across the snow is much like the joyous out-of-control feeling when you fall head over heels for someone. Then, before you know it, the shock of commitment hits and suddenly you feel trapped. â€Å"Mr. Neck storms into class, a bull chasing thirty-three red flags." (from Speak by Laurie Anderson) While Mr. Neck isn’t really a bull, the imagery of him acting like one is highly evocative – wild eyes, flaring nostrils, huffing and puffing, each of his thirty-three students a red flag causing his rage. â€Å"‘Life,’ wrote a friend of mine, ‘is a public performance on the violin, in which you must learn the instrument as you go along.’† (from A Room with a View by E.M. Forster) If you’ve ever listened to a novice violinist, you’re probably familiar with the painful screeching noise that often accompanies their early attempts at music. The violin is notoriously hard to learn and can take many years to master, but the results can be glorious if you put enough work in, which makes it an excellent metaphor for life. â€Å"What light through yonder window breaks? It is the East, and Juliet is the sun!† (from Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare) No, Juliet is not a flaming ball of gas. The sun definitely is – but it’s much more than that. It’s the source of all life. It provides solar energy to feed plants which in turn feed other creatures and create oxygen. It governs the water cycle in our atmosphere. Without the sun, we’d cease to exist. And that’s how Romeo feels about Juliet. She is everything to him, and he cannot survive without her. William Shakespeare could have used a simile and said that Juliet was like the sun, suggesting she was radiant and beautiful, but that would have been much less powerful. How to use similes and metaphors Sophie opened the back door and stepped into the garden. It was hot and humid. Now, let’s use a simile and a metaphor to describe the same event. Simile: Sophie opened the back door and stepped into the garden. It was like walking into a sauna. Metaphor: Sophie opened the back door and stepped outside. The garden was a sauna. Either method works well and is more interesting than just stating it was hot and humid. The simile and metaphor both encourage the reader to recall the feeling of entering a sauna – the oppressive, close, muggy heat that makes sweat trickle down your back without evaporating. When you’re using similes and metaphors, there are a few things you need to avoid: 1. Awkward Comparisons If you say, â€Å"the smell hit me like falling rock†, it sounds awkward because a smell is not a physical object, and because smells don’t drop from the sky. 2. Overused Cliches A lot of similes and metaphors are clichà ©s, and these should be used very sparingly. A few examples: Dead as a dodo Stubborn as a bull Quiet as a mouse Raining cats and dogs The calm before the storm 3. Mixed metaphors A mixed metaphor is where you combine two or more incompatible metaphors, often with ridiculous results. â€Å"Sir, I smell a rat; I see him forming in the air and darkening the sky, but I'll nip him in the bud.† (attributed to Sir Boyle Roche) â€Å"Yes, you just like to play the cool Will Truman while I'm all the intense crazy one. Well, once the bowling shoe is on the other foot, look who's the good cop and look who's the bad cop.† (Grace Adler from Will Grace) â€Å"'I don't like it. When you open that Pandora's box, you will find it full of Trojan horses.† (Ernest Bevin, Labour Foreign Secretary) 4. Overuse Like all good things, similes and metaphors should be used in moderation. If you’re using several per paragraph, that’s probably too many. Use them conservatively for maximum effect. That's everything you need to know about when to use metaphors vs. similes in your writing.   Do you have a metaphor or simile that you are particularly proud of?   Let us know in the comments below!         About the author: Claire Wilkins is a freelance copywriter and editor from New Zealand. She loves to write about travel, health, home, and proper punctuation. After a career in financial services spanning almost three decades, Claire left the corporate world behind to start Unmistakable - her writing and editing business. She creates website copy, blogs, and newsletters for creative agencies and small businesses, and  specialises  in polishing existing content until it shines. In her spare time, Claire enjoys cloud-spotting, singing in the car and editing video.

42 Must-Read Feminist Female Authors

42 Must-Read Feminist Female Authors What is a feminist writer? The definition has changed over time, and in different generations, it can mean different things. For the purposes of this list, a feminist writer is one whose works of fiction, autobiography, poetry, or drama highlighted the plight of women or societal inequalities that women struggled against. Although this list highlights female writers, its worth noting that gender isnt a prerequisite for being considered feminist. Here are some notable female writers whose works have a decidedly feminist viewpoint. Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966) Russian poet recognized both for her accomplished verse techniques and for her complex yet principled opposition to the injustices, repressions, and persecutions that took place in the early Soviet Union. She wrote her best-known work, the lyric poem Requiem, in secret over a five-year period between 1935 and 1940, describing the suffering of Russians under Stalinist rule. Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888) Feminist and transcendentalist with strong family ties to Massachusetts, Louisa May Alcott is best known for her 1868 novel about four sisters, Little Women, based on an idealized version of her own family. Isabel Allende (born 1942) Chilean-American writer known for writing about female protagonists in a literary style known as magical realism. Shes best known for novels The House of the Spirits (1982) and Eva Luna (1987). Maya Angelou (1928-2014) African-American author, playwright, poet, dancer, actress, and singer, who wrote 36 books, and acted in plays and musicals. Angelous most famous work is the autobiographical I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). In it, Angelou spares no detail of her chaotic childhood. Margaret Atwood (born 1939) Canadian writer whose early childhood was spent living in the wilderness of Ontario. Atwoods most well-known work is The Handmaids Tale (1985). It tells the story of a near-future dystopia in which the main character and narrator, a woman called Offred, is kept as a concubine (handmaid) for reproductive purposes. Jane Austen (1775-1817) Jane Austen was an English novelist whose name did not appear on her popular works until after her death. She led a relatively sheltered life, yet wrote some of the best-loved stories of relationships and marriage in Western literature. Her novels include Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1812), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma  (1815), Persuasion (1819) and Northanger Abbey (1819). Charlotte Brontà « (1816-1855) Charlotte Brontà «s 1847 novel Jane Eyre is one of the most-read and most-analyzed works of English literature. The sister of Anne and Emily Bronte, Charlotte was the last survivor of six siblings, the children of a parson and his wife, who died in childbirth. Its believed that Charlotte heavily edited Annes and Emilys work after their deaths. Emily Brontà « (1818-1848) Charlottes sister wrote arguably one of the most prominent and critically-acclaimed novels in Western literature, Wuthering Heights. Very little is known about when Emily Brontà « wrote this Gothic work, believed to be her only novel, or how long it took her to write. Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000) First African American writer to win the Pulitzer Prize, she earned the award in 1950 for her book of poetry Annie Allen. Brooks earlier work, a collection of poems called, A Street in Bronzeville (1945), was praised as an unflinching portrait of life in Chicagos inner city. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861) One of the most popular British poets of the Victorian era, Browning is best known for her Sonnets from the Portuguese, a collection of love poems she wrote secretly during her courtship with fellow poet Robert Browning. Fanny Burney (1752-1840) English novelist, diarist, and playwright who wrote satirical novels about English aristocracy. Her novels include Evelina, published anonymously in 1778, and The Wanderer (1814). Willa Cather (1873-1947) Cather was an American writer known for her novels about life on the Great Plains. Her works include O Pioneers! (1913), The Song of the Lark (1915), and My Antonia (1918). She won the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours (1922), a novel set in World War I. Kate Chopin (1850-1904) Author of short stories and novels, which included The Awakening and other short stories such as A Pair of Silk Stockings, and The Story of an Hour, Chopin explored feminist themes in most of her work. Christine de Pizan (c.1364-c.1429) Author of The Book of the City of Ladies, de Pizan was a medieval writer whose work shed light on the lives of medieval women. Sandra Cisneros (born 1954) Mexican-American writer is best known for her novel The House on Mango Street (1984) and her short story collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (1991). Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) Recognized among the most influential of American poets, Emily Dickinson lived most of her life as a recluse in Amherst, Massachusetts. Many of her poems, which had strange capitalization and dashes, can be interpreted to be about death. Among her most well-known poems are Because I Could Not Stop for Death, and A Narrow Fellow in the Grass. George Eliot (1819-1880) Born Mary Ann Evans, Eliot wrote about social outsiders within political systems in small towns. Her novels included The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), and Middlemarch (1872). Louise Erdrich (born 1954) A writer of Ojibwe heritage whose works focus on Native Americans. Her 2009 novel The Plague of Doves was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. Marilyn French (1929-2009) American writer whose work highlighted gender inequalities. He best-known work was her 1977 novel The Womens Room. Margaret Fuller (1810-1850) Part of the New England Transcendentalist movement, Margaret Fuller was a confidant of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and a feminist when womens rights were not robust. Shes known for her work as a journalist at the New York Tribune, and her essay Woman in the Nineteenth Century. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) A feminist scholar whose best-known work is her semi-autobiographical short story The Yellow Wallpaper, about a woman suffering from mental illness after being confined to a small room by her husband. Lorraine Hansberry (1930-1965) Lorraine Hansberry  is an author and playwright whose best-known work is the 1959 play A Raisin in the Sun. It was the first Broadway play by an African-American woman to be produced on Broadway. Lillian Hellman (1905-1984) Playwright best known for the 1933 play The Childrens Hour, which was banned in several places for its depiction of a lesbian romance. Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) Writer whose best-known work is the controversial 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909) New England novelist and poet, known for her style of writing, referred to as American literary regionalism, or local color. Her best-known work is the 1896 short story collection The Country of the Pointed Firs. Margery Kempe (c.1373-c.1440) A medieval writer known for dictating the first autobiography written in English (she could not write). She was said to have religious visions which informed her work. Maxine Hong Kingston (born 1940) Asian-American writer whose work focuses on Chinese immigrants in the U.S. Her best-known work is her 1976 memoir The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts. Doris Lessing (1919-2013) Her 1962 novel The Golden Notebook is considered a leading feminist work. Lessing won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2007. Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950) Poet and feminist who received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1923 for The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver. Millay made no attempts to hide her bisexuality, and themes exploring sexuality can be found throughout her writing. Toni Morrison (born 1931) The first African-American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 1993, Toni Morrisons best-known work is her 1987 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Beloved, about a freed slave haunted by her daughters ghost. Joyce Carol Oates (born 1938) Prolific novelist and short-story writer whose work deals with themes of oppression, racism, sexism, and violence against women. Her works include Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (1966), Because it is Bitter, and Because it is My Heart (1990) and We Were the Mulvaneys (1996). Sylvia Plath (1932-1963) Poet and novelist whose best-known work was her autobiography The Bell Jar (1963). Sylvia Plath, who suffered from depression, also is known for her 1963 suicide. In 1982, she became the first poet to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize posthumously, for her Collected Poems. Adrienne Rich (1929-2012) Adrienne Rich  was an award-winning poet, longtime American feminist, and prominent lesbian. She wrote more than a dozen volumes of poetry and several non-fiction books. Rich won the National Book Award in 1974 for Diving Into the Wreck, but refused to accept the award individually, instead sharing it with fellow nominees Audre Lorde and Alice Walker. Christina Rossetti (1830-1894) English poet known for her mystical religious poems, and the feminist allegory in her best-known narrative ballad, Goblin Market. George Sand (1804-1876) French novelist and memoirist whose real name was Armandine Aurore Lucille Dupin Dudevant. Her works include La Mare au Diable (1846), and La Petite Fadette (1849). Sappho (c.610 B.C.-c.570 B.C.) Most well-known of the ancient Greek women poets associated with the island of Lesbos. Sappho wrote odes to the goddesses and lyric poetry, whose style gave name to Sapphic meter. Mary Shelley (1797-1851) Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley  was a novelist best known for Frankenstein, (1818); married to the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley; daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) Suffragist who fought for womens voting rights, known for her 1892 speech Solitude of Self, her autobiography Eighty Years and More and  The Womans Bible. Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) Gertrude Steins Saturday salons in Paris drew artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Her best-known works are Three Lives (1909) and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933). Toklas and Stein were longtime partners. Amy Tan (born 1952) Her best-known work is the 1989 novel The Joy Luck Club, about the lives of Chinese-American women and their families. Alice Walker (born 1944) Alice Walkers best-known work is the 1982 novel The Color Purple, winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Shes also famous for her rehabilitation of the work of Zora Neale Hurston. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) One of the most prominent literary figures of the early 20th century, with novels like Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse (1927). Virginia Woolfs best-known work is her 1929 essay A Room of Ones Own.